Aland submitted his work on NA to the editorial committee of the United Bible Societies Greek New Testament (of which he was also a member) and it became the basic text of their third edition (UBS3) in 1975, four years before it was published as the 26th edition of Nestle–Aland. The great manuscript discoveries of the 20th century had also made a revision of the text necessary and, with Nestle's permission, Aland set out to revise the text of Novum Testamentum Graece. The most important Papyri and newly discovered Uncials, as 0189, a few Minuscules ( 33, 614, 2814), occasionally also lectionaries were taken into account. This eventually led to the 25th edition of 1963. At Erwin Nestle's request, he reviewed and expanded the critical apparatus, adding many more manuscripts. Kurt Aland became the associate editor of the 21st edition in 1952. In the apparatus only a few minuscules were included. This edition introduced a separate critical apparatus and finally introduced consistency to the majority reading principle. In later editions, Nestle began noting the attestation of certain important manuscripts in his apparatus.Įberhard's son Erwin Nestle took over after his father's death and issued the 13th edition in 1927. In 1901, he replaced the Weymouth New Testament with Bernhard Weiss's text. The first edition published by Eberhard Nestle in 1898 combined the readings of the editions of Tischendorf, Westcott and Hort and Weymouth, placing the majority reading of these in the text and the third reading in the apparatus. The critical apparatus is different in the two editions the UBS5 edition is prepared for the use of translators, and includes fewer textual variants, but adds extra material helpful for translators. The Greek text of the 28th edition is the same as that of the 5th edition of the United Bible Societies The Greek New Testament (abbreviated UBS5) although there are a few differences between them in paragraphing, capitalization, punctuation and spelling. While eschewing completeness (in the range of variants and in the citation of witnesses), this edition does provide informed readers with a basis by which they can judge for themselves which readings more accurately reflect the originals. The Novum Testamentum Graece apparatus summarizes the evidence (from manuscripts and versions) for, and sometimes against, a selection of the most important variants for the study of the text of the New Testament. TEXTUAL CRITICISM OF THE OLD TESTAMENT FULLOther consistently cited references include the full corpus of papyrus manuscripts available to the authors as well as a wide range of other manuscripts including a selection of both minuscules and uncials. It is worth noting, though, that the Majority Text as a whole is classified by the editors of the NA28 (of whom Metzger is one) as a "consistently cited witness of the first order," meaning that whenever the text presented differs from the majority text this is recorded in the apparatus along with the alternate reading. Since the majority of old manuscripts in existence are minuscules, they are often referred to as the Majority Text. This view has been criticized by Gordon Fee and Bruce Metzger among others. Hodges claim that the minuscule texts (the Byzantine text-type) more accurately reflect the "autographs" or original texts than an eclectic text like NA28 that relies heavily on manuscripts of the Alexandrian text-type. Robinson and linguist Wilbur Pickering, Arthur Farstad and Zane C. Most scholars view uncial text as the most accurate however, a few authors, such as New Testament scholar Maurice A. In the book, a large number of textual variants, or differences between manuscripts, are noted in the critical apparatus-the extensive footnotes that distinguish the Novum Testamentum Graece from other Greek New Testaments. They use a number of factors to help determine probable readings, such as the date of the witness (earlier is usually better), the geographical distribution of a reading, and the likelihood of accidental or intentional corruptions. The critical text is an eclectic text compiled by a committee that compares readings from a large number of manuscripts in order to determine which reading is most likely to be closest to the original. The Greek text as presented is what biblical scholars refer to as the "critical text".
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